THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST IN THE XIII-XIV th CENTURIES: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL RELATIONS BETWEEN ARABIC AND TURKIC PEOPLES
Keywords:
Mamluk Sultanate, Kipchak language, diglossia, Arab-Turkic relations, history of Egypt and Sham, military elite, lexicography, Abu Hayyan, Al-Qalqashandi, sociolinguistics.Abstract
This article analyzes the socio-political and sociolinguistic processes during the reign of the Mamluk Sultanate in the Near and Middle East, specifically in Egypt and Sham, during the 13th–14th centuries. The author highlights the phenomenon of functional bilingualism (diglossia) that emerged between the Arabic and Turkic languages following the rise of the Turkic (Kipchak) military elite to power. The study substantiates the historical necessity of philological traditions-lexicography and grammatical works (Abu Hayyan, Al-Qalqashandi, etc.)-within the context of the Turkic languages' role in the military-administrative sphere and the dominance of the Arabic language in scientific and religious fields. Furthermore, the semantic evolution of the ethnonym "Kipchak" and the significance of Mamluk-era terminology in source studies are examined.
References
1. Шайхисламов, Т. Р. Шайхисламов, Р. Б. Мамлюки и становление мамлюкской системы власти в Египте. Вестник Башкирского университета. Т. 20. №2 751. 2015.
2. Кошғарий М. Девону луғоти-т-турк. (Туркий сўзлар девони). Нашрга тайёрловчи ва сўзбоши муаллифи Содиқов Қ. – Тошкент: Ғ.Ғулом номидаги НМИУ, 2017, -488 б.; Gökbel A.Kipçak Türkleri Siyasî Ve Dinî Tarihi. - Ankara: Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş. 2020, -B.35
3. Филиппов, А. А. Становление государства мамлюков в Египте во второй половине XIII века. Минск, ИВЦ Минфина, 2021.
4. Кляшторный С.Г. Кипчаки в рунических памятниках // Türcologica, 1986. К восьмидесятилетию академика А.Н. Кононова. Л.: 1986. С. 153-164.
5. Ўзбекистон Миллий энциклопедияси. 2-жилд. -Т.: Миллий энциклопедия, 2000, 149-150-б.
6. Дониёров Х. Эски ўзбек адабий тили ва қипчоқ диалектлари. -Тошкент: 1976, -Б.34.
7. Ibn Fazl Allah al-ʻUmarī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, “al-Taʿrīf bi’l-mustalah al-sharif” Publisher, Maṭbaʻat al-ʻĀṣimah, 1894; Original from, Harvard University; Digitized, Jul 15, 2008.
8. Ibn Fazl Allah al-ʻUmarī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār. [مسالك الابصار في ممالك الامصار] 1301-1349 ابن فضل الله العمري، احمد بن يحيى، 1710.
9. al-Qalqashandī A. Kitāb Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā fī ṣināʿat al-inshāʾ. al-Qāhira, 1913.
10. Petry C. F. The Mamluk Sultanate: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
